"Weights and measures,"
"Emergency substitutions,"
"How much and how many."

A quick reference.

Weights and measures.

3 Teaspoons = 1 tablespoon 4 tablespoons = 1/4 cup 5 1/3 tablespoons = 1/3 cup 8 tablespoons - 1/2 cup 10 2/3 tablespoons = 2/3 cup 12 tablespoons = 1/4 cup 16 tablespoons = 1 cup 1 ounce = 28.35 grams 1 gram = 0.035 ounces

1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 cup = 1/2 pint 2 cups = 1 pint 4 cups = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel 1 quart = 946.4 mililiters 1 liter = 1.06 quarts

Emergency substitutions.

* 1 cup cake flour = 1 cup minus 2 tablespoons all purpose flour. * 1 tablespoon cornstarch = (for thickening) 2 tablespoons flour or 4 teaspoons quick cooking tapioca. * 1 teaspoon baking powder = 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk or sour milk (to replace 1/2 cup of liquid called for in recipe) * 1 cake compressed yeast = 1 pack- age or 2 teaspoons active dry yeast. * 1 cup whole milk = 1/2 cup evap- orated milk plus 1/2 cup water of a cup reconstituted nonfat dry milk plus 2 1/2 teaspoons butter or margarine. * 1 cup sour milk or buttermilk = 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vine- gar plus sweet milk to make 1 cup (let stand 5 min.)

* 1 whole egg = 2 egg yolks (in custards.) * 1 square (1 ounce) unsweetened chocolate = 3 tablespoons cocoa (regular type, dry) plus 1 table- spoon butter or margarine. * 1 tablespoon fresh snipped herbs = 1 teaspoon dried herbs. * 1 teaspoon dry mustard = 1 table spoon prepared mustard. * 1 small fresh onion = 1 table- spoon instant minced onion, rehy- drated. * 1 clove garlic = 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder. * 1 cup tomato juice = 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water. * 1 cup catsup or chili sauce = 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup sugar and 2 tablespoons vinegar (for use in cooked mixtures.)

How much and how many.

Butter, chocolate. * 2 tablespoons butter = 1 ounce. 1 stick or 1/4 pound butter = 1/2 cup. * 1 square chocolate = 1 ounce. Crumbs * 28 saltine crackers = 1 cup fine crumbs. * 14 square graham crackers = 1 cup fine crumbs. * 22 vanilla wafers = 1 cup fine crumbs. * 1 1/2 slices bread = 1 cup fine dry crumbs. * 1 slice bread = 1/4 cup fine dry crumbs. Cereals. * 4 ounces macaroni (1 1/4 cups) = 2 1/4 cups cooked. * 4 ounces noodles = (1 1/2 -2 cups cooked. * 7 ounces spaghetti = 4 cups cooked. * 1 cup packaged precooked rice = 2 cups cooked.

Fruits and vegetables. * Juice of 1 lemon = 3 tablespoons. * Grated peel of 1 lemon = 1 teas- poon. * Juice of 1 orange = about 1/3 cup. * Grated peel of 1 orange = about 2 teaspoons. * 1 medium apple, chopped = about 1 cup. * 1 medium onion chopped = 1/2 cup. Cream, cheese, eggs. * 1 cup whipping cream = 2 cups whipped. * 1 pound American cheese shredded = 4 cups. * 1/4 pound blue cheese, crumbled = 1 cup. * 12 to 14 egg yolks = 1 cup. * 8 to 10 egg whites = 1 cup. Nuts * 1 pound walnuts in shell= 1 1/2 to 1 3/4 cups shelled. * 1 pound almonds in shell = 1/4 to 1 cup shelled.

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